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Etat de l'art des outils pour améliorer l'efficience de l'Azote en agriculture - AgroTIC - Agriculture numérique
side event sur les systémes d’aide à la décision pour la gestion des éléments nutritifs janvier 16, 2018
Offre de poste responsable SIG (Mayotte) janvier 18, 2018
side event sur les systémes d’aide à la décision pour la gestion des éléments nutritifs janvier 16, 2018
Offre de poste responsable SIG (Mayotte) janvier 18, 2018
Il s’agit d’un article scientifique « état de l’art » (review) publié par deux chercheurs de l’université du Maine. Cet article est intéressant à plusieurs égards :
– il resitue les enjeux associés à l’efficacité de l’azote dans l’agriculture moderne,
– il fait un état de l’art assez exhaustif sur les outils et méthodes actuellement disponibles pour aider au pilotage de l’azote (analyse de sol, analyse des tissus végétaux, réponse spectrale des feuilles, indices de végétation -NDVI entre autre-, drones, capteurs portatifs, imagerie satellitaire) ainsi que les techniques d’application des engrais et le calendrier d’application pour améliorer l’efficience de l’azote.
– il propose une analyse de ces méthodes au regard des besoins des cultures, l’article met en particulier en évidence les limites des approches basées sur l’analyse de sol ou de tissus qui fournissent des éléments d’aide à la décision désynchronisés par rapport aux besoins réels des cultures. De ce point de vue, l’article montre l’intérêt des outils utilisés en agriculture de précision (GreenSeeker, Holland Crop Circle, drone, satellite) pour mieux « coller » aux besoins des cultures,
– il propose une analyse systémique assez critique des outils actuellement disponibles qui limitent considérablement une bonne utilisation de l’azote. En effet, la plupart des outils de pilotage jugés efficaces le sont à un stade avancé du développement des cultures alors que pour beaucoup d’entre elles, 70% de l’azote appliqué est utilisé dans les 25-30 jours après la plantation, c’est par exemple le cas du maïs et de la pomme de terre. Il en résulte que la plupart des outils et méthodes intéressants le sont pour environ 30 % de l’azote appliqué, ce qui constitue une limite importante pour améliorer l’efficience de l’azote en agriculture. L’article préconise fortement l’utilisation de deux ou plusieurs méthodes en combinaison lors de la gestion de l’azote et plaide pour le développement d’une nouvelle génération d’outils d’aide à la décision.
Résumé : Management of nitrogen (N) is a challenging task and several methods individually and in combination are in use to manage its efficiency. However, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has not been improved to a level, only 33%, as predicted by the researchers while developing nitrogen management tools and methods. The primary objective of this review article is to evaluate methods and tools available to manage nitrogen. Several methods, soil testing, plant tissue testing, spectral response, fertilizer placement and timing and vegetative indexes (leaf area index, and NDVI) through drones, handheld sensors, and satellite imagery were reviewed on the subject of user-friendly and effectiveness towards NUE. No single method was found sufficient to counter the nitrogen loss. Some methods were found time consuming and unsynchronized with N uptake behavior of particular crop, for example, plant tissue testing. Use of precision agriculture tools, such as GreenSeeker, Holland Crop Circle, drone, and satellite imagery, were found better compared to conventional methods such as soil testing, but these tools can only be used when the crop is up. Therefore, N management is possible only through inseason N application methods. When 70% of the applied nitrogen is used by the crops within 25–30 days after planting, for example, corn and potatoes, it is required to apply major N rates through inseason approach and some N at planting using soil test reports. In conclusion, this article strongly advocates using two or more methods in combination when managing N.
référence : Sharma, L. K., & Bali, S. K. (2017). A Review of Methods to Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Agriculture. Sustainability , 10 (1), 51.